Mass Media Effects on Women - 1721 Words

Baljeet Baath Tomasz Michalak Eng- 100 28, Nov, 2012 Mass media Effects on women Advertisement put adverse impact on women’s these could be internal or external. Internally when women watch ideal or thin images of models in advertisement then they feel very unattractive compare to the models in commercials. They feel lower self-esteem and self-concept in them and it generates anxiety or depression in women. According to article† negative body image is associated with poor self-esteem, anxiety about social evaluation, public self-consciousness, depression, and sexual inhibition† (Choate 2005).†Images of models which have been digitally altered are causing more than two thirds of women†¦show more content†¦Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa. Because of these disorders women try to become very slim as models in advertisements then the real problem take place, even if they feel like eating something they like but they do not eat just because of fear of fatness and in bulimia nervosa if they eat anything then they vomit at the sam e time and their body is not able to receive the required nutrients for good health. The National Eating Disorder Association (2012) reports that the media and its representation of beauty is recognized as one of the factors contributing to the rise of eating disorders. Media Defused energy and anger in women by showing them peer shaped models. â€Å"the mass media are generally agreed to be an influential source of images and messages about the idealized body that women and girls are expected to strive for a control condition†(huon 2005). The media are a business that rely on people, and like any business, their purpose is to create opportunities for generating profit. The problem lies within the way people, most especially women, are treated by the media as products rather than human beings worthy of dignity, personhood, and respect. The media use discrimination, objectification, and dehumanization to police women’s bodies. The result of this is a rise in low self-esteem, dangerous body modification procedures, violence, andShow MoreRelatedThe Subject ivity of Women to Modern Mass Media‚Äà ´s Construed Views of Beauty and How Their Effects on Body Image847 Words   |  4 PagesMary-Cate Grimes Diller ENG 102 Spring 2013 Research Argument Rough Draft The Subjectivity of Women to Modern Mass Media’s Construed Views of Beauty and How Their Effects on Body Image According to Medline Plus’s medical dictionary, a portion of the National Institute of Health’s website for patients and their families and friends, â€Å"body image† is defined as â€Å"a subjective picture of one s own physical appearance established both by self-observation and by noting the reactions of others.†Read MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreThe Between Media And Body Image1348 Words   |  6 Pagesconstructed by the society and by the media. But women are affected that kind of construction. Mass media give narrow definition about the standard of beauty. Delis noticed this massage everywhere, especially in the media, â€Å"I am so affected by Glamour magazine and Vogue and all that; I’m looking at all these beautiful women. They’re thin. I want to be just as beautiful. I want to be just as thin. Because that is what guys like† (Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy 12). The media representation of the thin idealRead MoreTeenage Girls and Body Image Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage girls are at an impressionable time in their lives. Mass Media is a key idea in one of the factors of socialization that become important to teenagers. Teenagers look to the media for a sense of entertainment. Whether it is movies, magazines, or even some aspects of social media, teenagers get a lot of influence from the media’s message. The problem with this is the media has a specific way of doing things and can be negative to a susceptible teenage girl. Media’s way of portraying a womanRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 PagesModern society portrays good looking men to have broad shoulders, toned arms, six-pack abs, and a small waist while good looking women are viewed to have the characteristics of being slim and fit, having a small waist, lean hips, and perfect skin complexion. As a result, many people are affected by our own societys portrayals of good looking men and women that they feel pressured into doing whatever it takes and going through extreme measures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gymRead MoreSexual And Mass Media Related878 Words   |  4 PagesMass media makes people standardized the sexuality and people’s point of view by providing sensitive environment everywhere. Movie is the most common sexual environment and the easiest way for directors earn profits. Since something appears in front of people regularly, people will get bore about that or they are too similar with that. What people are looking for sexual in mass media has been changed and their sexual behavior also changed. According to one of projects of Keren Eyal and Dale KunkelRead MoreGender in the Mass Media- Projecting Masculinity1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthe mass media and projection of masculinity The mass media play a significant role in a modern world, by broadcasting information  in fast pace and giving entertainment to vast audiences. They consist of press, television, radio, books and the Internet. The latter is now the most developing medium, however, TV also has a wide field of influence. By creating a certain type of message, media can manipulate people’s attitude and opinions. GENDER STEREOTYPES IN MASS MEDIA The mass media has aRead More Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media by Susan Douglas646 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Mass Media by Susan Douglas In Where the girls are: Growing Up Female With the Mass Media, Susan Douglas analyses the effects of mass media on women of the nineteen fifties, and more importantly on the teenage girls of the baby boom era. Douglas explains why women have been torn in conflicting directions and are still struggling today to identify themselves and their roles. Douglas recounts and dissects the ambiguous messages imprinted on the feminine psyche via the media. DouglasRead MoreCertain Groups Being Incorrectly Portrayed in Media767 Words   |  3 Pagescurrent issue involving certain groups being incorrectly portrayed in media, it is important to first understand exactly what mass media is. There are a variety of technical definitions for the term â€Å"mass media.† According to Britannica, â€Å"Media is used to pass on information to many people in a society† (â€Å"Media†). Merriam-Wenster claims media is a â€Å"mean of communication that is designed to reach the mass of the people† (â€Å"Mass Medium†). Recently, a spike of innovations has led to an increase of possibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Children s Body Image, Self Esteem, And The Internet1369 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past decade, media has become a major part of day to day life for the average person living in the United States of America. Media finds its way into your household in a wide variety of ways, including television, movies, music, and the internet. With society’s growing obsession with media, it is easy to see how it plays a role on impacting the lives of children, women, and men. Mass media effects people’s body image, self-esteem, and the overall way society is portrayed. There is a major

Economics Text Book Chapter Summaries - 21497 Words

The following chapter summaries are mostly based on the McConnell Brue text â€Å"Economics- 16th Ed.† Details available at http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072819359/information_center_view0/ note .. arrow means â€Å"leads to,† â€Å"results in,† â€Å"causes† Chapter 1 – The Nature and Method of Economics Economics is the study of scarcity and choice Key concept- opportunity cost: for a person to get more of one thing... he/she must forego getting something else e.g. to get food must pay (give up) money In economics rational behavior is assumed, e.g. people want more goods for less money Assumption: we all want to increase utility = happiness, satisfaction Rational self-interest not same as selfishness, e.g. one reason†¦show more content†¦avoid inflation economic freedom and efficiency through minimization of regulations taxation and government spending equitable income and wealth redistribution reduction of poverty economic security, e.g. social security payments for retirees expansion of free trade with other countries Economic goals often involve tradeoffs e.g.: redistribution of income/wealth transfers to the poor †¢ increased taxation of the rich †¢ reduced opportunities for the rich to invest including starting new businesses, and... reduced incentives for the poor to retrain, relocate, work hard †¢ slowed economic growth, slowed job growth The two main categories of economics study: macroeconomics and microeconomics Macroeconomics - examines the economy as a whole and its main sectors: government sector, household sector, business sector An â€Å"aggregate† is a collection of specific economic units treated as one unit, e.g. the millions of consumers lumped together and called â€Å"consumers† Macroeconomics seeks to obtain an overview or outline of the economy, i.e. examines the beach, not the grains of sand Microeconomics - examines details of specific economic units... such as one household (typically a nuclear family), company, or unit of government... i.e. examines the sandShow MoreRelatedEconomy and State: A Sociological Perspective724 Words   |  3 PagesSummary Economy and State: A Sociological Perspective, written by Nina Bandelj and Elizabeth Sowers, explains the economic foundation of the state by discussing the governance of property and money, in correlation to labor and firms, ending in economic development and internationalization/globalization. Bandelj and Sowers’, target audiences for this book seemed to be intended for those individuals wanting to learn the basics of economics from an economic sociology perspective allowing readersRead MoreEnglish As A Global Language1701 Words   |  7 PagesChapter One Summary Mr. Crystal starts his informational book about English as a Global Language by giving examples of how often we see the english language around our daily lives in the United States and other countries around the world. He proves this by saying, â€Å"Wherever you travel, you see English signs and advertisements. Whenever you enter a hotel or restaurant in a foreign city, they will understand English, and there will always be an English manu.† I personally think this is an awesome exampleRead MoreThe Cover Of A History Of Islam975 Words   |  4 PagesThe cover of â€Å"A History of Islam in America† is very controversial if compared to what is written in the text. 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Followership and Model I and II Free Essays

string(46) " new ideas and development of new businesses\." The model of followership presented by Goffe and Jones indicates the significance of three emotions which an individual produces in a person which leads them to follow him. These three emotions are summarized as given below. (a) The first emotional response an individual evokes is that of a feeling of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   significance or importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Followership and Model I and II or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus leaders who create an impression in people that they matter will be able to obtain even the, â€Å"heart and soul† of their followers.    This is not just a response of blind adulation. It flows from an appreciation by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the leader not just their personalities but also their work. Thus the follower will    give loyalty and even implicit obedience. (b)   The second response is that of a feeling of community, a sense of belonging to an organization where the leader creates unity of purpose around the work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which they all do. The leader is one who the follower sees as having created a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   feeling of the community. (c)   The third emotional response is the feeling of buzz, an excitement which is   Ã‚   created by the sheer presence of the leader. His energy and enthusiasm is   Ã‚  Ã‚   contagious.   Followers are willingly led by such leaders who provide them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   excitement, challenge and a passion to live their lives. This may be called as    charisma but actually is much more than that. Argyris and Schon (Dick. Dalmau, 1990) have provided an understanding of the conscious and subconscious processes of reasoning. This fits in well with the emotional aspects of followership indicated by Goffe and Jones. Argyris Model II ideally fits into the theory of followership espoused by Goffee and Jones. In Model II, the leader provides a scope for double loop learning. This implies that there is open inquiry of issues thereby which people are placed in a position of significance and respond to a situation based on a community based pattern of involvement which is highlighted in double loop learning model of Argyris. The emotional feeling of a buzz created by a leader’s presence is heightened in the Model II for the leader provides inspiration. On the other hand, Model I is based on the single loop theory through which most leaders operate till they understood the advantage of the double loop theory (Argyris et al.   1985, p.   89). The excessive control exercised by the leader in Model I is not conducive to creating an emotional feeling of importance as well as a sense of belonging to a larger organization or establishment (Argyris, et al. 1985, p.   89). Power: How Its Meaning in Corporate Life is Changing Gary in his summary on the various views of power has provided us how perception of power has changed over the years. In the initial years it was the emotional response of charisma, the buzz that is categorized as the third factor by Goffee and Jones that was the essence of power in leaders. However gradually this perception has changed and power came to regarded as an issue for organizations productivity. This is the power used for creating a feeling of community of belonging and one which provided a unity of purpose. Thus we see a shift in power from Model I to Model II very gradually. Model II or the double loop theory propounded by Argyris is a power paradigm which can be associated with that advocated by David McCelland and David Burnham. Thus managers in this model were democratic and more willing to share their power with others with a view to creating a community feeling in the organization but one which was primarily driven towards achieving goals of the organization (McCelland. Burnham, 1995). James Hillman in his in depth analysis of power has indicated that there could be more elements or purposes to power than that indicated by the purely simplistic explanation of exercising coercive force. He provides a benign expression of power that of providing service to the organization (Hillman, 1995). While Model I denoted by Argyris has indicated power in its coercive function as defined by Hillman, for in it the leader will attempt to control unilaterally, the subsequent transformation indicates development towards Model II   (Argyris. 1985). Power in the Hillman model is to seek followership in which it is linked with the two emotions of making people feel important and creating a community feeling for achieving corporate goals. Ronald Heifetz indicates that power does not necessarily imply the ability to protect people from threat but to let them feel the threat through simulation and adaptation. This is the new model of power which is aligned to Argyris’ Model II wherein the protection offered by Model I which also includes protection of ones group of followers is done away with. By exposing followers to disorientation by the threats which are the essence of a new age, the 21st Century, it will lead people to transformations required to fit into the new age (Heifetz, 1994). The Living Company The Living Company is one which survives because leaders consider the company as a congregation of people and not as an organization which produces goods and services. Thus people are more valued than assets. This focus on the people is what makes these organizations perform consistently over a long period in some cases as the Sumitomo over the centuries. People are given importance which is due to them because they are working in the company efficiently and effectively. They provide a feeling of belonging to the organization such as Unilever and finally they have a series of leaders who define the trajectory of growth for individuals as well as the company. These leaders see themselves as shaping a human community The Living company follows the Argyris Model II with powerful double loop learning systems which effectively provides feedback, creates internal commitment as well as leads to informed decision making. This in turn continuously provides a perception of the deficiencies to the management which undertakes continuous improvements. This also leads to generation of new ideas and development of new businesses. You read "Followership and Model I and II" in category "Essay examples" Managing in the Cappuccino Economy The companies in the Cappuccino economy provide a high degree of importance to people even in junior positions by allowing them to make independent decisions. They are in turn spurred by the faith placed by the management in their abilities even for critical decisions which affect the company’s bottom line. On the other hand the non cappuccino companies do not provide such freedom to the management. The results achieved by these companies are of a higher order which is benchmarked by the rise in equity of these companies by the author. The top end companies of the Cappuccino economy follow Model II which comprises of empowerment and sharing in decision making right down to the last level. These companies also delimit control by the higher executives though given Argyris predictions once the companies grow, the instinctive response to control may come back. However by establishing training and coaching, Argyris has indicated that Model II skills can be built up in these companies on a continuous basis. The non Cappuccino companies on the other hand follow Model I; thereby they are unable to adjust to the changing circumstances lacking a double loop feedback. Empowerment : The Emperor’s New Clothes Empowerment implies enhancing an employee’s self worth which in turn will build his commitment to the organization. Thus a firm which demonstrates to an employee that he can control his own destiny, that he is important will get maximum commitment from him. On the other hand Argyris also indicates that the process of change itself does not make people feel important as it only indicates to them what change is required (Argyris, 1998).   It is change that is more important than the employee, thus he may not be fully committed to the process. Empowerment is many times inhibited by leadership in most organizations. These executives are control oriented, hence are unable to be seen as charismatic, â€Å"light houses†. He has also indicated that many people do not want to be empowered. They feel more comfortable in being led. Argyris also feels that it is performance per se which is the most important factor and not empowerment (Argyris, 1998). Thus some organizations in their enthusiasm for empowering the employee by making him feel important, tend to overlook the results that are produced by him. This empowerment is considered self defeating. Argyris Model I corresponds to external commitment that does not provide much leeway to employees to define their own goals and tasks. This thus does not profess empowerment (Argyris, 1998)   Control remains with the management or the higher leadership and employees are expected to merely follow the laid down norms. Argyris has advocated Model I for most routine jobs which may not entail too much empowerment. Such jobs are better performed through external commitment rather than internal. Argyris Model II corresponds to an organization which offers its employees internal commitment. This enables maximum participation by employees in the project in turn enhancing the way in which they are empowered. However implementing Model II as per Argyris is an extremely difficult and challenging process, hence many organizations profess rather than practice the same. Why Should Anyone be Led by You? Inspirational leaders are known to possess four basic qualities, they demonstrate willingly their own weakness, they rely on intuition for seeking the appropriate time for an intervention, empathize freely yet firmly with followers and are not afraid to demonstrate their own uniqueness. By showing to the followers that they have weaknesses as other men they convey a feeling of being human thereby building up a sense of community in the group. This also helps in establishing a common bond based on a feeling of want or need. The intuitiveness and unique differences that they demonstrate contributes to the charisma which creates a buzz about them and inspires other people. The demonstration of difference is also appreciated by followers as it indicates a spirit of adventure denoted by leaders as Sir John Harvey-Jones, CEO of ICI. By empathizing with their followers, the leaders indicate to them that they are an important facet of their lives, providing the led the sense of being of consequence, thereby inviting greater loyalty. The inspirational leader is also able to use the right quality amongst this at the most appropriate time. The last quality is what is most important for practical application as it enables leaders to practice leadership by being themselves rather than creating a faà §ade. The inspirational leader denotes Model II provided by Argyris which is evident from the fact that he is not only open to a double loop feedback but also welcomes it. He uses this to sustain and support the overall good of the organization. The leader in this case is willing to share control over his self with his followers which provides them a unique sense of empowerment building an infinite sense of loyalty. Leaders are also able to gain intuitive feedback of the system thereby contributing to the double loop of Model II. By being open, fair, transparent and appropriately empathizing with their subordinates, these leaders are the anti thesis of Model I organizations where leaders are aloof, directional and do not expect or welcome a feedback. Inspirational leaders thus seem to fit in ideally with a Model II organization. Reference:- Argyris, C.   (1985) Strategy, change defensive routines.   Boston: Pitman. Argyris, C., Putnam, R., McLain Smith, D.   (1985) Action science: concepts, methods, and skills for research and intervention.   San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Dick, B., Dalmau, T.   (1990) Values in action: Applying the ideas of Argyris and Schon.   Brisbane: Interchange. Heifetz, Ronald. (1994). Leadership without Easy Answers. Belkap Press. Hillman, James. (1995) Kinds of Power. Currency Books. McClelland, David. Burnham, David. Power is the Great Motivator. Harvard Business Reprint. Jan-Feb 1995. (Case Study) Gary, Loren. Power: How Its Meaning in Corporate Life is Changing. (Case Study) Goffee, Robert. Jones, Gareth. Followership. Harvard Business Review. (Case Study). Gues, Arie de. The Living Company. (Case Study). Shapiro, Eileen C. Managing in the Cappuccino Economy. (Case Study). Argyris, Chris. Empowerment : The Emperor’s New Clothes. Harvard Business Review. May-June 1998. (Case Study) Goffee, Robert. Jones, Gareth. Why Should Anyone be Let by You?   Harvard Business Review. September – October 2000. How to cite Followership and Model I and II, Essay examples

Convicted Felons Should They Be Allowed To Vote Essay Sample free essay sample

The term disenfranchisement or taking away a felons right to vote. has been around since antediluvian Greece and Rome Eras. In Europe. a status called â€Å"civil death† involves the forfeiture of belongings. the loss of the right to look in tribunal and a prohibition on come ining into contracts. every bit good as loss of voting rights. Convicted criminals of any offense should be allowed the opportunity to demo that they can be productive citizens once more. Ex-cons are continuously persecuted for a past action and non given the chance to turn out that a alteration has occurred. This unfortunate event will ensue in the same individual returning to imprisonment due to miss of control. after being told that he or she no longer holds any civil rights. â€Å"According to The Sentence Project. 5. 3 million Americans ( 1 in 40 grownups ) were unable to vote due to a felony strong belief in the 2008 elections. This included 1. 4 million African American work forces. more than 676. 000 adult females. and 2. 1 million ex-offenders who have completed their sentences. † No citizen would see it to be rational to punish criminals long after they have left prison or have completed word or probation. There are many types of Torahs in topographic point to deny an ex-con to run for office. retain a professional licence. such as an lawyer. or to function as a publically traded ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nesl. org/legistatures-elections/elections/felon-voting-rights. aspx ) Coleman Literature Review 3 company. In most provinces. a convicted criminal loses his right to vote while incarcerated. However. 14 provinces have for good stripped their ex-cons of all of their civil rights. Few provinces do non take to utilize disenfranchisement as a penalty for a felony offense. There are provinces that permit captives to vote from the gaol cell via absentee vote ballot. Unfortunately. the count from those allowed to vote to those who are disenfranchised is in the 100s of 1000s and continues to turn quickly every twenty-four hours. Harmonizing to Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP. Florida is the figure one province of criminals enduring from disenfranchisement. In the twelvemonth of 2007. NAACP President and CEO Benjamin Jealous. kicked off a run to assist the disenfranchised to go active citizens in their communities once more. â€Å"What this comes down to truly is. make you believe voting is a right or is it a privilege? Because if vote is a right. people who hav e paid their debt to society should be allowed to vote. † Jealous said on a Tuesday in March 2007 on â€Å"CNN Newsroom. † Covetous isn’t the lone 1 that has these feelings of unfairness. when it comes to citizenship. This hits place enormously for the African American communities who suffer from disenfranchisement the most. There are many militant and protagonists who feel that if you are born of the United States of America. so you should be able to recover your civil rights. no affair how many falls into the jurisprudence that you may hold had. This is the â€Å"American Dream† to get down for the underside and reconstruct yourself up to a individual that can be utile in society once more. The so Republican. now Democrat Charlie Christ of Florida. signed a reform to let former criminals who have completed their sentences to more easy acquire their vote rights back. This reform was reversed four old ages subsequently by Florida’s current Governor Rick Scott. When Scott was questioned about his Coleman Literature Review 4 actions. this how he responded â€Å"In publishing the new regulations for voting rights for ex-felons are intended to stress public safety and guarantee that all appliers desire mildness. deserve mildness. and demonstrate they are improbable to reoffend. † â€Å" It bases to ground that persons who have committed serious force or sexual discourtesies ; abused the privilege of keeping public office ; endangered society with toxicant drugs ; or carried a piece after they have been convicted should be required to go to a hearing and explicate why their rights should be restored. † Scott said in a statement in March 2011. Some criminals even after release suffered from the wake ensuing from a old apprehension because they are non certain what rights they do keep after an imprisonment. such as Eric Willem from Roseau County. Minnesota. Eric Stephen Willem’s. who was 25 at the clip and had been a convicted criminal since the twelvemonth of 2004. Unfortunately. for Willem’s who was voting for the 4th clip. it was an extra felony to be voting. harmonizing to Roseau County Attorney’s Office. This sent Willem back to the topographic point where he did non desire to be. gaol. for an extra twelvemonth. Back in 2005. this job was at the top of the docket for H. Clinton and J. Kerry who were seeking to hike ballots for the Democrats. After election licking in 2005. Democrats mend their ways by stressing moral values. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and John Kerry introduce the Count Every Vote Act. which she claims is â€Å"critical to reconstructing America’s religion in our vote system. † Besides to be added to the Act. a proviso to guarantee that voting rights are wholly restored to criminals who have repaid their debt to society by finishing probation. word or prison footings. Senator C linton says that there are 4. 7 million such disfranchised criminals in 48 provinces and the District of Columbia. This power presently lies with the single provinces. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cnn. com/2012/10/02/politics/ex-felon-votingrights/index. hypertext markup language ) Coleman Literature Review 5 causation criterions to change. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution explicitly allows provinces to deny criminals the right to vote. From past statistics. criminals bring an overpowering ballot for Democrats. Is this is a crafty manner for Democrats to alter the game and obtain an copiousness of ballots to transport them to a win for a future election? In past surveies by Jeff Monza and Marcus Britton of Northwestern University and Christopher Uggen of University of Minnesota estimated that Bill Clinton pulled 86 per centum of the criminal ballot in 1992 and a humongous 93 per centum in 1996. These Numberss proved that the criminal ballot had a immense impact on the consequence of elections shortly to come. Ex-con ballots have great impact on the consequences of an election and c ould alter the vote procedure forever. The research workers found that about 30 per centum of criminals vote when given the opportunity. So. if all 4. 7 million of Mrs. Clinton’s ex-cons are re-enfranchised. about 1. 4 million will project ballots. and about 1. 2 million of those will be for Democrats. Manza A ; Co’s consequences indicate that this â€Å"felon vote† would hold given Democrats the White House in 2000 and control of the Senate from 1986 to 2004. reported by James K. Glassman and John R. Lott with the New York Post. on March 01. 2005. Other politicians disagree with the positions associated with stoping disenfranchisements for ex-felons because of grounds that I have mentioned antecedently. The lone inquiry that remains is: Can we come together as grownups to decide the issue. so that it is just to those who have followed the regulations after interrupting them? What is the right to make? Take a expression at the undermentioned paperss released from the State of Florida and see how the route to Restoration of rights for provinces varies provided by ProCon. org. My current province Florida is listed and has one of the hardest procedures in the state to reconstruct one’s rights. ( World Wide Web. procon. org ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aei. org/article/society-and-culture/the-felon-vote/ ) Coleman Literature Review 6 Here is a transcript of the Rick Scott Press Release sing my subject. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: AMY GRAHAMMARCH 9. 2011850-488-5394Governor Scott and Florida Cabinet DiscussAmended Rules of Executive ClemencyTallahassee. Fla. – Governor Rick Scott today convened a particular meeting of the Florida Board of Executive Clemency to discourse and vote on amending the regulations of mildness for ex-offenders. Governor Scott’s Remarks Prepared for Delivery March 9. 2011We have Amended Rules of Executive Clemency for our consideration. The proposed alterations are intended to stress public safety and guarantee that all appliers desire mildness. deserve mildness. and demonstrate they are improbable to reoffend. For Pardons. Firearm Authority. and Commutations: Release of the 10-year waiting period for forgiveness applications and the 8-year waiting period for firearm authorization applications will no longer be allowed. In other words. criminals will non be permitted to use for a forgiveness or piece rights until they have demonstrated their committedness to stay by the jurisprudence for the time-period set Coleman Literature Review 7 Forth in the regulations. Applicants for Commutation of Sentence will now subject a â€Å"Request for Review† alternatively of a â€Å"Request for Waiver. † and must finish at least one-third of their sentence or. if functioning a minimal compulsory sentence. one-half of their sentence. before being eligible to use. For Restoration of Civil Rights: Criminals seeking Restoration of rights will besides be required to show that they desire and deserve mildness by using merely after they have shown they are willing to stay by the jurisprudence. First. anyone seeking Restoration of civil rights must subject an application. Second. The Clemency Board will reexamine each application separately before make up ones minding whether to allow Restoration of civil rights. Restoration of civil rights will non be granted â€Å"automatically† for any discourtesies. Third. there will be waiting periods before criminals are eligible to use. There will be two classs of appliers: â€Å"With a Hearing† and â€Å"Without a Hearing. †1. Applicants whose offenses are serious plenty to necessitate them to go to a hearing will be eligible to use after holding no new felony strong beliefs for a period of seven old ages after completion of their sentences. 2. Applicants whose offenses do non necessitate them to go to a hearing will be eligible to use after they have been crime- and arrest-free for a period of five old ages after completion of their sentences. If the Board denies Restoration of civil rights â€Å"Without a Hearing. † appliers may take to prosecute their rights â€Å"With a Hearing. †Additionally. a figure of offenses will be added to the bing list of unfiting discourtesies that make an applier ineligible to have Restoration of civil rights â€Å"Without a Hearing. † For illustration. extra sexual offenses –including obscenity and indecorous exposure – every bit good as all drug trafficking and all first- and second-degree drug discourtesies will unfit an applier from Restoration of civil rights â€Å"Without a Hearing. †Other illustrations include ownership of a piece by a Coleman Literature Review 8 criminal. RICO. and public corruptness offenses. It stands to ground that persons who have committed serious force or sexual discourtesies ; abused the privilege of keeping public office ; endangered society with toxicant drugs ; or carried a piece after they have been convicted should be required to go to a hearing and explicate why their rights should be restored. The Restoration of Civil Rights can be a important portion of the rehabilitation of condemnable wrongdoers and can help them in reentry into society. It is of import that this signifier of mildness be granted in a deliberate. thoughtful mode that prioritizes public s afety and creates inducements to avoid condemnable activity. Online Resource Cite Page 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aei. org/article/society-and-culture/the-felon-vote/ ) 2. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cnn. com/2012/10/02/politics/ex-felon-voting-rights/index. hypertext markup language ) 3. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nesl. org/legistatures-elections/elections/felon-voting-rights. aspx ) 4. ( World Wide Web. procon. org ) Coleman Literature Review 10 Article Reference Page1. Clemens. E. S. ( 2007 ) . Locked out: Felon disenfranchisement: Legislation vs. judicial proceeding. Journal of Law and Policy. 11. 369-801.2. Dawson-Edwards. C. ( 2008 ) . Affranchising convicted criminals: Current research on sentiments towards felon voting rights. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 46 ( 3-4 ) . 13-29. doi:10. 1080/10509670802143201 3. Figler. Bailey ( 2006 ) . A ballot for democracy: Confronting the racial facets of criminal disenfranchisement. New York University Annual Survey of American Law. 61. 723-865 4. Thomas J. Miles. ( 2004 ) Felon disenfranchisement and elector turnout. The Journal of Legal surveies. 33. 85-517

Image of Filipino Women free essay sample

Like in Estrella Alfon’s Magnificence; she illustrated that Filipino women are tough when it is for her children; while Lumnay was very weak and couldn’t accept her husband’s marriage to another woman. . Filipino women could stand and hold firm on her virtues and ideals. No matter what the consequences are, they stand for what is right. Sometimes they are mocked and insulted because of their ideals. But these women, like Miss Noel stood determined to continue what she has started and what she was fighting for. Esperanza is also a woman of virtue. She despises sleeping with a man to whom you’re not married. Some Filipino women are very innocent when it comes to hardships, emotions or other things surrounding them. Majority of these women were born or they belonged to middle class family. They haven’t experienced difficulties while growing up. While some women are oblivious to difficulties and hardships, some are introduced to it a very young age. We will write a custom essay sample on Image of Filipino Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They sacrificed their happiness for the sake of their family and loved ones. They think of everything as they’re responsibility and it affects their way of thinking, their social life and even their marital life. Filipino women are generous and very caring. They support their family through thick and thin. They will never let their family down especially when it comes to children. They are also very sweet and understanding, Filipinas are also very jealous, they are very possessive not only on the material things but also with their loved ones, especially the mothers.There are also this conservative God-fearing Filipinas. They have principles and won’t go against it. There are many more character traits a Filipina could have, but whatever the point is, Filipinas are raised differently and you could see it by the way they talk or move. Filipino women may look independent and wise but still, they need to feel deserve to be respected and cared for. They need to be loved and feel loved.

Life and Work of Herbert Spencer

Life and Work of Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher and sociologist who was intellectually active during the Victorian period. He was known for his contributions to evolutionary theory and for applying it outside of biology, to the fields of philosophy, psychology, and within sociology. In this work, he coined the term survival of the fittest.  In addition, he helped develop the functionalist perspective, one of the major theoretical frameworks in sociology. Early Life and Education Herbert Spencer was born in Derby, England on April 27, 1820. His father, William George Spencer, was a rebel of the times and cultivated in Herbert an anti-authoritarian attitude. George, as his father was known, was the founder of a school that used unconventional teaching methods and was a contemporary of Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles. George focused Herberts early education on science, and simultaneously, he was introduced to philosophical thinking through Georges membership in the Derby Philosophical Society. His uncle, Thomas Spencer, contributed to Herberts education by instructing him in mathematics, physics, Latin, and free-trade and libertarian political thinking. During the 1830s Spencer worked as a civil engineer while the railways were being constructed throughout Britain, but also spent time writing in radical local journals. Career and Later Life Spencers career became focused on intellectual matters in 1848  when he became an editor for  The Economist, the now widely-read weekly magazine that was first published in England in 1843. While working for the magazine through 1853, Spencer also wrote his first book,  Social Statics, and published it in 1851. Titled for a concept of August Comte, in this work, Spencer used Lamarcks ideas about evolution and applied them to society, suggesting that people adapt to the social conditions of their lives. Because of this, he argued, social order would follow, and so the rule of a political state would be unnecessary. The book was considered a work of libertarian political philosophy, but also, is what makes Spencer a founding thinker of the functionalist perspective within sociology. Spencers second book,  Principles of Psychology, was published in 1855 and made the argument that natural laws govern the human mind. At about this time, Spencer began to experience significant mental health problems that limited his ability to work, interact with others, and function in society. Despite this, he began work on a major undertaking, which culminated in the nine-volume  A System of Synthetic Philosophy. In this work, Spencer elaborated on how the principle of evolution had been applied within not only biology, but in psychology, sociology, and in the study of morality. Overall, this work suggests  that societies are organisms that progress through a process of evolution similar to that experienced by living species, a concept known to as social Darwinism. In the latter period of his life, Spencer was regarded as the greatest living philosopher of the time. He was able to live off of income from the sale of his books and other writing, and his works were translated into many languages and read all over the world. However, his life took a dark turn in the 1880s, when he switched positions on many of his well-known libertarian political views. Readers lost interest in his new work and Spencer found himself lonely as many of his contemporaries died. In 1902, Spencer received a nomination for the Nobel Prize for literature, but did not win it, and died in 1903 at the age of 83 years old. He was cremated and his ashes interred opposite the grave of Karl Marx in Highgate Cemetery in London. Major Publications Social Statics: The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness (1850)Education (1854)The Principles of Psychology (1855)The Principles of Sociology (1876-1896)The Data of Ethics (1884)The Man Versus the State (1884) Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Indicator of Business assessment on Nursing home Article

Indicator of Business assessment on Nursing home - Article Example Thus, the role of nursing homes becomes one of the top most importance in today's life of the society. The elderly care industry can be split into two categories - nursing homes and residential care homes. Nursing homes are fundamentally private hospitals for elderly residents calling for high levels of care, staffed by managers and nurses with sophisticated levels of medical and care training. Residential care homes, on the other hand, are old people's homes. They provide a place to stay for elderly people who conceivably cannot do everything for themselves, yet nevertheless enjoy a degree of independence and require little hands-on care. They are staffed by qualified care takers whose level of training need not be as advanced as those working in nursing homes. Nursing homes as a business or an investment is a field which looks healthy in spite of the economic catastrophe. There are a number of reseat developments for this friendly environment for the investors. Though the extra legislation introduced through the Care Standards Act has made it binding for the potential purchasers to prepare and make a lot of commitment financially and personally on staffing and maintenance of the nursing home, any body now planning to go into this business is assured of study income and thriving business. Running a nursing home can be a rewarding business, as the returns one get from the care homes would be very significant. The majority of nursing facility services is funded by the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Nursing homes with private care patients generally provide higher quality care than facilities dependent on Medicaid patients. National Senior Citizens Law Center states that nursing homes discriminate against Medicaid patients versus private pay. The difference may be a special wing of a home, eviction of Medicaid patients and inferior food and services. One expert noted that nine out of ten attorneys give bad advice on qualifying for Medicaid. Approximately 63% of nursing-home patients of cognitively impaired. Nursing homes provide long term and sub-acute care to persons in need of 24-hour nursing services or significant supportive services. The quality of care and quality of life for residents of nursing homes have been a concern for decades. Nursing home residents are generally frail, physically and psychosocially compromised, heavily dependent upon others for basic care and sustenance, and in some cases near the end of their lives. When residents live in an environment where they are totally dependent on others, they are especially vulnerable to abuse, neglect and exploitation. Nursing home licensees must protect these vulnerable persons and are expected to provide the necessary care and services to allow each resident to achieve and maintain his or her highest possible level of function and well being. Financial status, in fact, causes inequalities in the quality of care received by an elderly person. It mainly may not be with in the same nursing home. African Americans are four times more likely than their white counterparts to reside in substandard nursing homes. But obviously if one has got money the service he gets is simply remarkable. The Silverado is an example to it; Silverado specializes in residents with severe dementia. Most assisted-living homes quarantine such patients in separate wards or ship them off to nursing homes when their

TD 5- HRM - 402 Delivering Training and Development Essay

TD 5- HRM - 402 Delivering Training and Development - Essay Example This will also help the management to develop further their future training programs, including pinpointing the relevant topics or areas that are absent from the training. Level 2: Learning – Under this level, Walmart Human resource manager measures what the employees under training have learned and by how much their knowledge has increased due to the training. This level of evaluation allows the management to measure learning using the specific objectives set for the training, and this will influence their decision on whether to changes in skills, knowledge or attitude. This is beneficial to the Walmart organization as it helps them to know what the employees are learning and what they are not as this will assist them to improve future training sessions. (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007) Level 3: Behavior – On this level the management evaluates how the employees’ behavior has changed basing on training that they underwent. Behavior change translates to how much information the employees got from the training program. The Walmart management, through training, they can now provide the necessary conditions to initiate the change in their organization. (Siddons & Development, 2006) Level 4: Results – The Management analyzes the results of the training at this level. This consist of outcomes that the organization has resolute to be the best for the business, best for its employees, good for the overall Walmart

Assessment and care of a client with complex needs. Mental Health Essay

Assessment and care of a client with complex needs. Mental Health nursing] - Essay Example 15). This involves a methodical evaluation of the social and health care requirements of an individual who has been brought to the ‘specialist mental health services’ (Forster, 2001, p. 15). An important component of the CPA is the assigning of a service provider who will work with the client and his/her family or caregivers to evaluate needs, create and carry out a care plan. In the CPA service provider task, the nurse is largely involved in locating an array of assessment needs, several of which could be outside the own knowledge or capability of the nurse. Besides the troubles brought about by mental disorders, numerous clients with serious and chronic mental disorders will be further impaired by ‘secondary impairment’ (Bartlett & Sandland, 2007). This will lead to a kind of disability marked by difficulty carrying out daily tasks such as cooking, going to the grocery, using public transport, and so on. Professional assessments from service providers shou ld be requested. In nursing theory and practice, bipolar disorder is classified as one of the most complex mental health disorders. The best nursing care takes place during the acute illness stage and remission (Suppes & Dennehy, 2010). This paper presents a case study of the mental health condition of Ms. ... She eventually became tardy. Her performance at work began to deteriorate. Ms. M herself admitted that she has difficulty concentrating at work. She also said that she feels lost and lonely at times. Her sleep patterns also became abnormal. She sleeps late but wakes up very early. But, interestingly, she began to show more enthusiasm and energy in the morning. Her sister reported that Ms. M became short-tempered all of a sudden and has been, for the first time, openly expressing her desire to become a model. Ms. M was diagnosed with depression and alcohol related problems. Ms. M’s mental health condition may be caused by genetics or environmental factors. A depressive episode may take place without any clear cause. It could be that something stressful in Ms. M’s immediate environment caused the sudden changes in her behaviour; it could be a stressful event at work or at home. A medical condition can also cause episodes of depression, such as brain tumour or stroke (Vide beck, 2010). According to Boyd (2008), use of substance and consumption of alcohol may also activate symptoms of depression. Case Analysis The symptoms of Ms. M are indicative of bipolar disorder. An individual episode of abnormal and chronic irritable mood. During Ms. M’s episodes of mood disorder, the following symptoms of bipolar disorder have continued: difficulty concentrating; more conversational than normal; excessive energy and enthusiasm; abnormal sleeping patterns; and increased confidence (e.g. desire to enter modeling). The mood disorder is quite serious to cause noticeable disruption in occupational performance or in personal relationships. The symptoms may be triggered by alcohol related problems. Because bipolar disorder often includes depressive and manic episodes, knowledge of

Cystic Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Diagnosis

Cystic Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Diagnosis Cystic fibrosis is a membrane transport disorder which is commonly affected in the autosomal recessive disease of white populations. It is also identified at birth by a certain condition called meconium ileus which means intestinal obstruction. In the advance stages, clinically it has been diagnosed by sticky viscous secretion of the pancreas and lungs (Gelehrter, 1998). Many years of direct research has failed to recognise the specific gene which is involved in cystic fibrosis (CF), although there are some various indirect research done which has indicated that there appeared an abnormality in the transport of ions during the process of cell membrane development. A very common diagnosis has been used to recognise this disease which is high increase of chloride content in sweat. Children suffering from this disorder develop pancreatic insufficiency which is usually treated with enzyme supplementation, antibiotics and physical treatments which are used to reduce the chest infection. Earlier the survival average is about 25 years. (Gelehrter, 1990). But in a recent study, it has been said that the life expectancy for cystic fibrosis patients has increased over the last 40 years. It has been necessary to identify the respiratory viruses in Cf to make the clinical decision to proceed with the necessary treatment. (cited in Wat, 2008). It is said that one can calculate approximately the frequency of heterozygous carriers would be about 1 in 25 individuals. There are various research works done on cultured cells and animal models to further study on the basic defects of the disease and find a successive treatment. (Hodson, M.E., 1995). HISTORY: From centuries the study and research of Cystic fibrosis has been done. Earlier people started diagnosing this condition in the newborns due to the salty taste in their skin. The survival rate was so low as six months. But as years followed, during the 1930s, a scientist named Guido fanconi had described the symstoms as gastrointestinal symdrone but latter named it as cystic fibrosis. The research had advanced when the cystic fibrosis gene was discovered following the study of mendels law researched by Gregor Mendel. The genetic knowledge on this particular disease was made more improving which indirectly improved the survival ascepts of CF patients. By 1980s, a deeper understanding of human genetics were developed. In 1989, two researchers had isolated the damaged gene in causing CF which was the main cause in affecting the chloride channel function. These were the channels which were helping in the movement of water and salt in the cell walls. Further study on this is making it pos sible to understand and find a treatment for this genetic disease. In recent years, various study via Gene theraphy has been helping various researches to fix the damaged gene. If this particular gene is fixed, the possible prevention, treatment and cure of CF would become a (Giddings,2009) Basic molecular genetics of Cf: In the year 1985, several groups were experimenting on gene therapy by linkage analysis, a linkage was observed on the chromosome 7, which in turn proceeded with testing some of the markers on chromosome 7 where they found CF gene near to these markers (met and J3.11). Techniques like physical mapping showed that the distance between these markers was approximately 1.6 million bp, which is as large for approximately 50 genes. Various interesting research were made in which it was found that a vast majority of chromosomes carrying the Cystic fibrosis mutation were also carrying a particular alleles for XV-2c and KM-19 which was further named as allele for XV-2c and + allele for KM-19. This type of hapotype (-/+) showed approximately in 25% of normal chromosomes, whereas rest showed other different patterns. A term was defined for this type of disease gene associated with a allele with the nearby markers, which was named as Linkage Disequilibrim. This term was made used to understand that these CF mutated genes were being descended from a common ancester. (Gelehrter, 1998) In a recent research, a genetic analysis was conducted by carefully cloning of a 500,000 bp candidate which resulted in three possible genes from the specific region which was studied. In testing under northern blotting technique it was found that this specific gene was coding for a 1480- amino acid protein including 26 exons with a length of 250,000 bp of DNA and the mRNA transcript was found to be 6129 bp long. In further studying a cloned and sequenced cDNA was prepared using the sweat glands of a Cf patient, it was found that there was a difference in exon 10 from a normal sequenced gene. There was a deletion in the 3 -bp found which might have caused the deletion of a single amino acid (phenylalanine) at the specificresidue 508. (Gelehrter, 1990). This type of mutation is known as Delta F508 or F508. Patients with homologous delta F508 mutation will tend to suffer with severe symptons of this disease, causing a very heavy loss of chloride ion transport.This causes an improper balance in the sodium and chloride ion ratio, eventually secreting a thin, mucus secretion in the lung area which traps bacteria, this causes severe lung infection, resulting a high mortality rate in CF patients. CFTR gene: This gene was initially cloned in 1989 in which it was mapped to human chromosome 7q21, with more interest in this particular region, researches were able to indentify 2 more closely linked markers other than (labelled MET and D758) which were D75122 and D75340, those were 10 kb part. Using lambda genomic DNA libraries, 280 kb of DNA were sequenced which were used to make long range restriction maps. These were also probed with cDNA clones to isolate a total of 500 kb. This can be seen in the figure By using various approaches like screening zoo blots, northern blots and cDNA libraries the genomic DNA clone was isolated. Four different regions were isolated, out of that, only one proved to be CF gene which was 6.5 kb sequence in length. Eventually, it was concluded that the CF gene controls the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) which encodes chloride channels which were responsible for the water transport on the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells which were connected to the lung airways. This mutation was causing the problem. Structure of the CFTR gene: After sequencing the CFTR gene, further study was done on it. The sequenced coding region of this gene showed a polypeptide molecular mass of 168138 daltons. The best site seen in this predicted protein was that it showed two repeated motifs, which showed some similarities to the nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) which is present in the membrane bounded protein. These membrane consisted in them six hydrophobic regions which composed 234 amino acids. Hydrophilic domains: These 2 hydrophilic domains contains approximately 150 amino acids in which some phenylalanine residue has been deleted at the region of the first NBD which shares similar homologies with the proteins which binds with the nucleotide. These two motifs are connected by a highly charged cytoplasmic domains referred as R- domain or regulatory domains. This domains encodes 13 exons that help in the phosphorylationby protein kinase K and rest helps in binding sites by protein kinase C. These domains and nucleotide binding folds in the binding sites suggest that hydrolysis is involved in the transportation of CFTR gene. CFTR Promoter: It was found out that CFTR gene had a addition promoter region with a size of 3.5 kb, later on, it led that these promoters showed the characteristics of housekeeping gene along with tissue specific functions. There were five reasons that were focused to show that the CFTR gene had these charactertics which were as follows: There were no TATA box element within the first 500 basepairs of the transcription sites. The GC content in the promoter region was high. There were addition multiple minor transcription sites identified along with the major transcription sites. Couple of SP1 sites were also identified. There was a very low expression of the CFTR gene found in the epithelium layer. Another conclusion was made that the CFTR gene might control transcription regulation. (prin mg, tho) Phenotypic function of the diseased gene: To understand the phenotype of the disease, it has been confirmed that an individual suffering must have two copies of a mutated Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene to be expressed. It has also been understood that the development of this disease in different individuals varies due to differential influence by environmental and genetic factors. This various different forms of other genes can affect the phenotypes of the mutated gene of this disease.   MUTATED GENE: As it been understood that the most common mutated gene found in most cystic fibrosis defective gene is the delta F508. A detailed study about this gene was done in which it was found that CFTR protein helps in encoding single amino acid at position 508 on the chromosome 7. As this mutation affects the CFTR to perform its work in the cell and prevents it from locating itself in the cell membrane. Usually it is seen that, a newly synthesized CFTR protein adds itself to the missing chemical group by folding itself into appropriate shape which are escorted by their specific molecular chaperons to the surface of the cell. Because of the presence of this mutated CFTR gene, the imperfect CFTR binds onto the cell membrane which has a defect while opening and closing during regulating the chloride ion flow within the cell membrane. There are different mutated genes, in which some do not this synthesis or any modification or integratation into the membrane of the cell. Sometimes, these mutated genes fail to even respond to the signals within the cell that are responsible for the opening and closing of chloride flow. In some cases, the CFTR protein enters the cell membrane and also responds to the cell membrane but there would show a problem when the channel opens and there is improper flow of chloride ion out of the cell. Different mutations vary with different patients, patients with absent or very low CFTR protein in its cell membrane would cause severe disease causing depleting pancreatic functions. There are patients which have delta F508 mutation on both CFTR gene copies, this causes very poor pancreatic function which would secret high amount of mucus causing varying degrees of infection in the lungs. Another CFTR mutation namely R117H also develops a partial functioning CFTR protein, this mutation pairs w ith the severe mutated gene delta F508 causing the CF disease severe but varying in lung disease. It has been seen that some men who have been detected with this particular mutated gene R117H shows only one symptom of CF that is being Infertile which is due to lack of vas deferens. Inheritence of the CF gene: Diagnosing cystic fibrosis In most cases, cystic fibrosis is diagnosed by screening tests, which are carried out very early in life. However, some babies, children and even young adults have some unexplained illness in future so they are diagnosed later. There are four main ways of diagnosing cystic fibrosis: newborn testing antenatal testing carrier testing sweat testing Newborn Screening: In newborn screening there are two tests the first one is blood test in which small amount of blood is taken from the babys heel and transferred onto the card and it is examined in the laboratory for CF and it is also test inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anaemia and phenylketonuria.. Another test is genetic test in which saliva sample taken from the cheek and check whether a newborn has faulty CFTR genes. Antenatal testing: This test is done during the womens pregnancy to know that fatus has CF or not. There are following Amniocentesis: in it inserts a needle through abdominal wall into the uterus and take amniotic fluid surrounds the baby and tested in the laboratory Chorionic villus sampling: In it needle passed through the stomach into the womb sometimes a fine tube passed through the vagina into the neck of the uterus as an alternative. And take chorionic tissue which is a tiny piece of the developing placenta and these chromosomes which are in the cells of the tissue are examined in the laboratory for CFTR genes are normal or not. Both tests have risk of complication and also chance for miscarriage so it is offered only those mothers who have high risk of having child with the CF. Carrier testing: People who have two CFTR genes one is normal and another is faulty are CF carriers. So carriers pass faulty CFTR genes on to their children. This is simple test which is uses mouthwash to make sure that person is a carrier of cystic fibrosis. Swishing the mouthwash to collect the cells. And these containing cells are checked for the faulty gene. Sweat test: If blood and genetic tests have positive sign for CF so for confirmation sweat test diagnosis using This test measure the amount of salt in sweat. For that in one treatment room small area of skin on an arm or leg tested. Rub this skin with sweat producing chemical and then produce gentle electrical current with help of electrode it gives warm feeling .collect sweat on a pad or paper for analze. High levels of salt confirm diagnosis of CF. (180,205) Immunoreactive Trypsinogn: This analysis is used after sweat test if little sweat measured in newborns. Blood samples are taken after 2-3 days of birth and examined for immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) which is the increased levels of pancreatic enzyme. If IRT level is high then also it is not strong indicator of CF. Because infants with intestinal malformations and condition as bowel obstruction also have high level of enzyme which is for function of impair pancreatic. Lung X-rays and function tests: In the tests measure the amount of air the lungs can hold and how fast a person can breathe out to show how lungs add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood with the help of chest X-ray which show lung scarring from recurrent inflammation.This test do not confirm a diagnosis of CF but help in evaluating the severity of an individuals lung damage. Sinus X-ray: This test give signs of sinusitis, which indicates an infection and inflammation of nasal cavities. The X-ray shows the underlying cause becomes important for sinusitis. By cause of sinusitis is showing allergies and poorly functioning immune system. DNA mutation analysis: For highly specific result we used this technique for CF to look for the presence of many mutations in the CFTR gene. In it DNA isolated and purified from the blood sample or from a smear inside the cheek and for detect disease genes and indentify mutation within a specific DNA sequenced used micro array technology Sputum cultures: For this test, take a sample of your sputum (spit) to see what bacteria are growing in it. If there are bacteria called mucoid Pseudomonas, then it is advanced CF that needs aggressive treatment. (Giddings, 2009) TREATMENT In early years, there were no proper complete cure for cystic fibrosis . This has changed in recent years due to various researches done to treat CF which have been improved drastically. The aim for the treatment of cystic fibrosis are to Prevent infection in lungs,Remove the thick and sticky mucus from lungs, Prevent blockages in intestines and to Provide adequate nutrition.(http://www.nhlbi.nihHYPERLINK http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/.gov/) Treatment for lung problems: It is essential to begin the treatment by reducing the infection and removing the thick and sticky mucus from the lungs. This can be done by performing the following lung treatment methods. CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPHY (CPT): This theraphy is also called percussion. CPT include pounding the chest and back over and over with the hands and a device that reduce the mucus layer from the lungs. Breathing techniques are also helpful to remove mucus from lungs. This techniques involve forcing out of some short or deeper breaths and following with a relaxed breath. The major purpose of this therapy for CF is to increase clearance of mucus and control infection in the lung and also to provide adequate nutrition and prevent intestinal blockage. MEDICINES: This is the primary treatment for the cystic fibrosis. Using medicines it helps in treating lung infection, decreases the swelling ,reduces the mucus and also opens the airways. The following types are the antibiotics used for cystic fibrosis treatment: Oral antibiotics are use to treat the lung infection. Inhaled antibiotics are used to control the infection caused by the pseudomonas bacteria. Intravenous medicines are used for control the severe infection. Anti-inflammatory medicines used to reduce swelling in airways. Drugs or steroids such as azithromycin, ibuprofen, prednisone and pentoxifylline are used to reduce inflammation. For the treatment of bacterial infection various lung antibiotics such as nebcin, tobrex, ciprofloxin, myambutol, biaxin, azactam are used Exercise: Aerobic exercise can help to reduce and clear the mucus from the airways. Regular exercise also enables to cut back on the CPT. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is used to provide fertility for men with cystic fibrosis LUNG TRANSPLANTATION: Lung transplantion is a effective therapeutic option for the cystic-fibrosis patient. The successfully lung transplanted patients are able to control diabetic problems easily as the patients exercise capacity improves and the respiratory infection reduces.(Madden, 1992). In lung transplant ,the infected lung is replaced with a healthy lung by surgery. If CF is very advanced then lung transplantion is a good option. It is a major operation and sometimes also leads to some serious complications Oxygen Therapy: If oxygen level is very low in the blood then oxygen therapy is very effective(http://cystic-fibrosis.emedtv.com). NUTRITIONAL TREATMENT: C.F causes many digestive problems such as slow growth, pain, intestinal gas and severe. Nutritional treatment can improve the growth, development and strength of patient. It involves a balanced diet with low fat and high protein which make strong the patient to resist aganist some infection (http://www.healthscout.com). It contain pancreatic enzymes to digest protein and fat and absorbance of various vitamins. Nutriational therapy also contain supplements of different vitamins. The other treatment for digestive problems is medications for the treatment of intestinal blockages (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/). GENE THERAPY: Gene therapy involve transfer of DNA for therapeutic purpose. For the treatment of cystic fibrosis two approaches have been used. In the first approach, adenovirus was used as a vector, it has the epithelial cell lining. In this approach, adenovirus type-2 late promoter drives the CFTR gene. In the second approach, positively charged liposomes was used which can bind negatively charged DNA on its surface. These initial experiments have been used to change the electrical conductance of the nasal membrane. By these approaches a little correction of conductance abnormalities is possible. In the recent studies aerosol inhalers is used to saturate the upper part of the respiratory system. The reversal of the path physiology is possible if the correct form of CFTR gene is expressed. At present, retroviral-mediated gene transfer system is used for gene transfer for gene therapy of CF. Adenovirus is a suitable vector for gene transfer to the airway because it uses humans as a permissive host and it has a natural tropism for the lung .Liposome-mediated DNA transfer system is also used for gene transfer in gene therapy. Liposome is positively charged interact with DNA which is negatively charged and form lipid-coated DNA complex Different positively charged liposomes used to transfer the CFTR including DOTAP, DMRIE and DOTMA-DOPE. Several new treatments are developed to treat the CF. In one case, the sodium-channel inhibitor amiloride is insert to the airways of the patients which inhibit sodium absorption. The other possible approach is to allow to bypass the CFTR chloride channel and regulate other chloride channel present in the membrane of airways. The most effective way to treat the CF is to insert a new and normal copy of CFTR gene into the airway of respiratory tract of CF patients. RECENT ADVANCES: In recent years, various research works have improved the way to diagnose and treat cystic fibrosis. In the year 2006, it was published in the Science daily that certain scientists from Stanford University, USA were able to find out the basic defect causing CF. In which they had concluded that the airway blockage caused in CF was not caused due excessive fluid being reabsorbed within the glands but due to lack of fluid secretion from cystic fibrosis glands. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060318232035.htm) In another research work done in the year 2008, certain scientist from USA were able to discover that a particular protein called CFTR were either missing or not present in the lungs of the CF patients which helps in fighting various bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa when inhaled. Further studies are conducted to find the treatment through these proteins. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080910210525.htm). In 2010, A team led by Professor Justin Hanes from John Hopkins university had researched on a mucus penetrating biodegradable nanoparticles which would help in delivery wide range of therapeutic molecules from small to various size of macromolecules to reduce the infection of lungs of the CF patients. In another research study done this year 2010, a team of researches were able to find out that a certain calcium- activated chloride channel were able to enable CF mucous cells to secrete normally which is required in the CFTR channel. So, it was concluded that drugs should be produces to enchance the ability of the calcium response which helps in activating the calcium activated chloride channels which are secreted in the CF cells. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100917151848.htm)

Semantics Essay -- Communication, Language

Language is the primary source of communication for humans and is used to convey thoughts, feelings, intentions, and desires to others (Bonvillain 2008:1). Many rules are taken into account when forming a language. According to Bolton, language is arbitrary and is unrepresentative of the objects they represent (Bolton 1996: 63). The study of Semantics allows us to identify the meaning of words and phrases in their literal sense, and helps us to make meaning out of arbitrary sounds and phrases. It has been contributed to by both linguists and philosophers. Linguists used lexical decomposition to understand the features that comprise words and the categories in which the words fit. Philosophers dealt more with the meanings of sentences and truth condition and reference (Parker and Riley 2010: 28).Semantics is still not a completely understood field, and as a result it is not easy to study (Parker and Riley 2010:26-27).Semantics is split into three different sections: sense, reference, and truth conditions. Thanks to semantics, we gain an understanding of what words mean when they are said to us. Without semantics, we would not be able to understand each other. Semantics take into account cultural, situational and environmental constructs to develop meaning in different areas of the United States and throughout the world (Bonvillain 2008: 27). With that being said, there are several things that semantics brings to the English language that allows us to communicate on a deeper level and makes our language more complex. Sense is the study of the literal and intentional meaning of words and phrases. Part of this section is lexical ambiguity. This occurs when one word has more than one meaning. Parker and Riley use the example of the wo... ...nd not in the other (Parker and Riley 2010: 40). Presuppositions are phrases that have to be considered true in order to evaluate the validity of another phrase. For example if I said â€Å"Judy Genshaft is the president of USF† and â€Å"Judy Genshaft is a good president,† you would have to accept the idea that she is the president in order to understand whether she was a good or bad president. In conclusion, semantics is what we use to make sense of our language. It takes into account the cultural references, environmental sayings, and situation events. Maybe the reason that semantics is so hard to understand is because it tries to make sense of something that has no meaning and things that change from place to place. Without it, our language would be much more primitive than it is now, but because of it we can make sense of things, make references, and understand truth.

Assess the Biomedical and Socio-Medical

This essay will assess how useful the biomedical and socio-medical models of health are and what contributions they have made to health and social care. The biomedical model of health is an approach which eliminates psychological and social factors (environment) but only comprises biological issues in trying to recognise or understand an individual’s medial illness/disorder. In the Western world, the biomedical model has dominated all other models of health since the 19th century.This model is the model of health most used by health care professionals and is the foundation of most medical science. As a result, it is the cure that doctors focus on. Their approach is based on what is perceived as normal or abnormal in terms of bodily functions. The biomedical model is most effective with short-term or acute illnesses, where a cause is identified and the relevant treatment is administered. It is least effective when dealing with chronic illnesses; those which persist over long pe riods of time and are managed rather than cured.The biomedical model of health fits in well with the functionalist perspective to sociology as it sees ill-health as being dysfunctional to society. For functionalists, if people adopt the sick role they are exempt from their usual roles and responsibilities. The biomedical model also takes a curative approach, meaning that it focusses on the cure of an illness. Focussing on physical aspects of illnesses means they can be scientifically tested, which therefore allows development of treatments. A disadvantage of the biomedical model of health is that it is not a long-term strategy.By not looking at a patient’s medical history, asking them how they feel and also not asking fully detailed questions about an illness, means that the same illness could re-occur in the future. Marxists criticise the biomedical model of health because this model ignores an individual’s living conditions and Marxists also argue that doctors only b enefit the rich by getting poor people back to good health in order to enable them to go back to work. Further criticisms of this theory are focussed principally on the suggestion that it has over-simplified the biological processes now known to be very intricate.For many diseases, there are multiple and interacting causes. Moreover, such a theory looks only to the agent of disease, and ignores the host and the possibilities of biological adaptation. As stated, this theory is much more easily applicable to acute conditions then to chronic ill-health and is difficult to apply to mental disorders. The biomedical model also cannot explain why some illnesses are more common in some social or ethnic groups, for example, schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean people.Diseases are differently defined in different cultures and medical definitions of disease have clearly changed over time. Generally, it can be seen that what is viewed as illness in any particular society and at any historical time d epends on cultural norms and social values (Naidoo & Wills, 2004). McKeown (1979) argues that the biomedical model is â€Å"less effective† than other models because health started to improve before the NHS came into place. The socio-medical model argues that health is a complex mix of behavioural, structural, material and cultural factors. All together these impact on health.The social model emphasises the need to address the origins of ill-health, for example, instead of treating a child with asthma; treating the damp conditions that the child is living in. The social model came about in the mid-twentieth century when there was an increasing dissatisfaction with the dominant model of health offered by biomedicine. The emphasis on health as being simply the absence of disease encouraged thinking about only two categories; the health and the disease. The social model of health imbibes social constructs and relativity in its approach to health.It tends to define and redefine h ealth in a continuous manner, and views health differently between individuals, groups, times and cultures. Some supporters of the social model have written extensively about sickness having a role to play in various societies (Parsons, 1951) as this helps to determine the structure of and functionality of the society. The social model is organic and holistic rather than a reductionist, mechanical method. A mechanical system acts according to its programming, its instructions or natural laws.The social model allows for mental as well as physical health. This model also allows for more subtle discrimination of individuals who succeed in leading productive lives in spite of a physical impairment. Another disadvantage of this model is that the conception runs the risk of excessive breadth and of incorporating all of life. Thus, it does not distinguish clearly between the state of being healthy and the consequences of being healthy nor does it distinguish between health and the determin ants of health (Ewles and Simnett, 2010).The development of this social model has been accompanied among the public, by a growing enthusiasm for alternative therapies, which tend to rest on holistic theories. Gradually, these too have been integrated to some extent into the mainstream model. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of health, it is vital to look at various premises of health definition, as just one aspect may not provide a complete answer to the enquiry about our health at a particular given time.It is therefore important to consider the various aspects of health when making a judgement and decision about the health status of an individual. The socio-medical model fits in with the Marxist perspective to sociology, as it focusses on social and environmental factors. Poorer people are more likely to have poorer living conditions. Marxists argue that there are higher levels of illness in more impoverished areas. This model also fits in with current health policie s, for example, Change for Life, which encourages individuals to take more responsibility over their own health.The functionalist perspective also supports this model by stating that if people are taking more responsibility over their health, they will be able to contribute more to society. Finally, feminists such as Lesley Doyal (1995) support the socio-medical model by arguing that women are more likely to become ill because they have more roles in society than men. Doyal argues that women are likely to have a full time job and then still do the majority of the house work/childcare when they get home. A more stressful environment is likely to lead to a higher chance of illness.In conclusion, the biomedical model of health is obviously most easily defined by the absence of disease, though the model is also compatible with more positive definitions in terms of equilibrium of normal functioning. In the socio-medical model health is a positive state of wholeness and well-being associa ted with, but not entirely explained, by the absence of disease, illness or physical and mental impairment. The concepts of health and ill-health are unbalances. The absence of disease may be part of health but health is more than just the absence of disease.

Free Essays on The Illegalization Of Abortion

The Illegalization of Abortion Many have pondered upon the meaning of abortion. The argument being that every child born should be wanted, and others who believe that every child conceived should be born (Sass vii). This has been a controversial topic for years. Many people want to be able to decide the destiny of others. Everyone in the United States is covered under the United States constitution, and under the 14th Amendment women have been given the choice of abortion. In 1973, Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion that it's a women's right to have an abortion. Roe v. Wade legalized abortion. Even though these people have been given the right, the case is not closed. Pro-life activists carry a strong argument, and continue to push their beliefs. They feel so strongly about these beliefs that violence has broken out in some known instances. Pro-choice activists, on the other hand, also carry very strong points. They believe that the child inside them is their property and it's life doesn't be until birth. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court decided that as long as the baby lived in the womb, he or she would be the property of the mother. Because of this decision almost every third baby conceived in America is killed by abortion, over one and a half million babies a year (Willke vii). Many countries have followed our decision on the abortion issue and some of these include Canada, England, and France. Other countries still believe abortion should be illegal, they include Germany, Ireland, and New Zealand. Although many believe that abortion is a women's choice, abortion should be banned because its immoral and life begins at conception. Abortion is the choice of a women whether or not she want's to receive one. Under the 14th Amendment's "personal liberty" women are given the right to receive an abortion. The 14th Amendment's concept of "personal liberty" and restriction... Free Essays on The Illegalization Of Abortion Free Essays on The Illegalization Of Abortion The Illegalization of Abortion Many have pondered upon the meaning of abortion. The argument being that every child born should be wanted, and others who believe that every child conceived should be born (Sass vii). This has been a controversial topic for years. Many people want to be able to decide the destiny of others. Everyone in the United States is covered under the United States constitution, and under the 14th Amendment women have been given the choice of abortion. In 1973, Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion that it's a women's right to have an abortion. Roe v. Wade legalized abortion. Even though these people have been given the right, the case is not closed. Pro-life activists carry a strong argument, and continue to push their beliefs. They feel so strongly about these beliefs that violence has broken out in some known instances. Pro-choice activists, on the other hand, also carry very strong points. They believe that the child inside them is their property and it's life doesn't be until birth. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court decided that as long as the baby lived in the womb, he or she would be the property of the mother. Because of this decision almost every third baby conceived in America is killed by abortion, over one and a half million babies a year (Willke vii). Many countries have followed our decision on the abortion issue and some of these include Canada, England, and France. Other countries still believe abortion should be illegal, they include Germany, Ireland, and New Zealand. Although many believe that abortion is a women's choice, abortion should be banned because its immoral and life begins at conception. Abortion is the choice of a women whether or not she want's to receive one. Under the 14th Amendment's "personal liberty" women are given the right to receive an abortion. The 14th Amendment's concept of "personal liberty" and restriction...

What role did women play in WWII essays

What role did women play in WWII essays Women played an important role in helping the United States come home with a victory. World War II created a surplus of positions that the women needed to fill when their fathers, husbands, brothers, or sons left to serve their country. Maureen Honey, author of Creating Rosie the Riveter, discusses the role that propaganda played in mobilizing women during the wartime efforts.1 In the book, G.I. Nightingales, Barbara Brooks Tomblin portrays the role that women played as nurses during World War II.2 The third book, American Women in World War II by Doris Weatherford, accounts for the diverse roles that women participated in, such as in industry, home front, and military.3 These three books depict the roles of women during World War II and examine the effects of World War II on their lives. Maureen Honey, the author of Creating Rosie the Riveter, earned her bachelors, masters, and PhD at Michigan State University. Her professional areas of specialty include the early twentieth-century American women writers, especially Harlem Renaissance, women in World War II, and popular culture. As a professor of womens studies and English at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Honey regularly teaches courses such as Images of Women in Popular Culture, Twentieth-century Women Writers, Seminars in Edith Wharton, and Diverse Women Writers 1900-1930. Honey continues to do work on women in World War II by working with some New York documentary makers on women war correspondents from that time period. Honey published an essay on feminine magazine fiction from the 1920s in a volume called Forgotten Feminisms in 2003. Honey recently published Bitter-Fruit: African American Women in World War II.4 Maureen Honeys long list of published pieces provides her with some credibility in her w ork on World War II because she has published several books that focus on women. This could also present some biases because Honey primarily foc...

Institutional investor double standards led to 'new economy' Essay

Institutional investor double standards led to 'new economy' businesses receiving near limitless funding for investment whil - Essay Example This current scenario appears to point to a deep change in the way investment institutions think with shifts from traditional approaches and a new economy. However, it is not a certainty that these new economy businesses will lead to an economic heaven. The dawn of the new economy threatens the values that were inherent in the old economy. To investors, it now seems that all companies need to be new economy businesses or no businesses at all. This has been deciphered as a challenge to all companies to move towards new economy businesses via lowering costs, redefining supplier and client relationships, as well as entry into new markets (Edison & Slok, 2011: p22). Institutional investor double standards led to ‘new economy’ businesses receiving near limitless funding for investment while ‘old economy’ companies restricted investment. This paper seeks to show how the difference in funding has distorted the corporate strategy and performance of these economies I t is obvious that strategies that were successful in the old economy are no longer successful in supporting the new economy. In the old economy, businesses relied on growth and development as currency to attract investment for companies like manufacturing with significant plant capacities (Keha & Singh, 2009: p44). Businesses defined their economy by their infrastructure and the way they could accumulate old capital like lending capacity, land, and equipment. Potential employees, therefore, followed the jobs. Due to the high outlay of capital and the planning involved, which was a long term, to establish business facilities, the communities were able to keep the economic activities that they possessed. In old the economy businesses, keeping business costs low was a vital strategy since low wage communities and minimum taxes were more competitive (Keha & Singh, 2009: p45). The oversight of companies and people were based on the notion of control and management. The employee market wa s regional with community competition also being low, as was the talent market. However, the new economy has turned the old economy strategies on its head. Talent as economic growth’s major currency has replaced manufacturing plants. This talent is fungible; it is exchangeable like currency. Talent is driven by various factors, including diversity and tolerance, as well as innovative environments. Sustainability is also more embedded in the new economy business than it was in the old economy (Keha & Singh, 2009: p52). Therefore, economic development in the new economy does not come, necessarily, at the expense of social inequity and depleted resources, unlike the old economy. The new economy businesses are founded on the recognition that success and economic competition is now determined on a global scale. While the elements of the new economy businesses are not all global, the ones that will have the greatest importance in coming years are. For instance, most of the employme nt opportunities lost in the State of Michigan have been lost to the service industry. The service sector seeks to meet local needs, employee services, as well as resident care (Keha & Singh, 2009: p52). Some reasons exist as to why investment institutions are looking towards the new economy business, as opposed to the old economy businesses. The double standards in funding have seen the new economies shift to digitization, which requires higher capital

Ebola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ebola - Essay Example Such an observation allows the authors to focus on the magnitude of risks associated with the eventual adoption of the measures that may be suggested to mitigate the possibilities of an outbreak in the region. The authors proceed to further mention of the cases that have been diagnosed within the American soil. The preparedness of the city is further weighed against that of regions such as texas, which have already registered possible outbreaks of the disease. The authors are keen to outline that the prospective address of the disease from findings its way to the communities in New York remains best considered under the description of collective efforts. In an effort that remains related towards the harmonization of the medical facilities in the city, the authors seek to consolidate the respective outfits of healthcare that are related to the city and harmonize them towards developing a steady outfit that aims at addressing the virus. In that effect, the authors propose the possible avenues upon which the detection and subsequent control of an outbreak may be considered. Their work does not place into consideration the possible effects that may be related to animals vectors. The focus is oriented on the human patients that traffic into New York from the various infected areas. Such allows for the description of their proposals as being narrowed on the control of human to human transmissions. Additionally, the prospective process of EVD detection has been mentioned intensely in their work. It is further argued that the adoption of a functional detection systems remains the ideal path upon which the address of the ailment is considered. The authors proceed to make references to experiences registered in the address of the disease in other regions. Their attention is oriented on the plight of eighty-eight patients that were being screened of the disease, with the aim of gathering the required experience